The Impacts Of The Industrial Revolution - 780 Words

In the mid 1700s a new era swept over Britain— the Industrial Revolution. Due to numerous unprecedented inventions, the Industrial Revolution began, altering the way of living for millions. The benefits of the revolution for consumers were clear to see, making buying and selling products more convenient as well as travel, creating hundreds of jobs. However, these jobs came at a cost. The Industrial Revolution was a curse for the working class due to dangerous working conditions, squalid housing, and pollution filled cities and factories. Dangerous working conditions along with long hours cursed many people in the working class; factory work was arduous and hazard-filled due to unsafe machines and lack of ventilation. Yet, these conditions†¦show more content†¦Due to unsafe working conditions such as, dust and overwork, doctors told Hebergam he will die within the year. Dangerous working conditions altered the lives of many factory workers. In some instances, overwork and poor ventilation led to many incurable illnesses and deformities. Unable to afford decent health care, the poor were left with no other choice but to suffer through their injuries. Not only did people become sick, death occurred in factories as well. Fast spinning machines lacked safety and smoke filled dimly lit rooms. Hebergam states, â€Å"A boy was caught in a machine and had both his thigh bones broke and from his knee to his hip the flesh was ripped up† (Document 13). This quote shows how dangerous working conditions led to factory workers deaths. In fact, accidents were common in factories due to sharp, high speed machines. To perform certain tasks, workers had to go under or around running machines, risking injury or death. The industrial revolution was a curse for the working class because of the difficulties they had to endure in the factories. Factory workers such as Blincoe and Hebergam’s biases were in favor of safer working conditions and the abolishm ent of child labor because they were factory workers affected by dangerous working conditions. To survive in the boroughs of poverty families put their children to work too. Although young, child laborers faced the same working conditions as their adult counterparts; factory owners preferred toShow MoreRelatedThe Impacts Of The Industrial Revolution1612 Words   |  7 Pagesas the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial revolution put the use of hand tools downward while bringing up the use of factory machines. Factory machines by the late 1800s would soon replace farming with manufacturing at a large scale in the nation. This was seen to be a malificent time, for people from all around the world would be drawn to the Americas. Many came in hopes for a new and better life, but with every opportunity you must be ready to endure the burden. America’s revolution would goRead MoreIndustrial Revolution Impact on the French Revolution1310 Words   |  6 PagesThe French Revolution was influenced by previous events. The idea of treating everyone equally was a cutting-edge view in the eighteenth century. Also novel was the notion that people in the lower social stratum should obtain access to commodities previously reserved for only the upper class. This cultural change for the majority of the populace, focused on promoting the ownership of manufactured goods, also impacted the French Revolution. The industrial change, however, had a longer impact that extendedRead MoreThe Impact On The Industrial Revolution1114 Words   |  5 Pagesways then we can count. Everything that happened before 1492 such as farming, written language, inventions and philosophy had a huge impact on everything that led up to 1492 when Christopher Columbus discovered the Americas. To begin with, the Agricultural Revolution made the biggest impact on the chain of events that happened after it. In the Agricultural Revolution, farming was invented. Plants and animals also became domesticated. This led to the growth of urban centers. This is one of the manyRead MoreThe Impact Of The Industrial Revolution897 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the early 1800’s the Industrial Revolution in England was seen as an improvement to society. Before the revolution began most products such as clothing, were handmade and mostly done in people’s homes with basic machinery. The revolution gave birth to factories were machines that were able to produce a large amount of goods to be manufactured in a shorter amount of time without human error. Providing a great amount of jobs for people, improvement in the countries transportation, and communicationRead MoreIndustrial Revolution : Impact On Society1092 Words   |  5 PagesIndustrial Revolution: Impact on Society Cherny ka Love HIST112 Professor Adam Howard American Military University 15 March 2015 The Industrial Revolution is a term used to describe a period characterized by a transition from old to new processes of manufacturing. This period occurred during the 18th and 19th century. The transition was seen to include movement from primitive hand production to the same type of production using faster more efficient means by use of machines. The era also featuredRead MoreNegative Impacts Of The Industrial Revolution755 Words   |  4 PagesJames Watt improved the steam engine, industrial revolution began to spread around the globe. All electronic devices, cars, and even clothes are all made in factories. We would not be able to have these objects without industrial revolution, which began in Britain. Over the spare of time from industrialization we moved to automatization and now to computerization but we will just talk about the very beginning of industrial revolution. The industrial revolution was the event which changed our worldRead MoreThe Impact Of The Industrial Revo lution On The World1497 Words   |  6 PagesThe Impact of the Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution was an era in the mid-eighteenth to mid-nineteenth centuries that allowed an extension of the ideas of the Scientific Revolution to the rest of European society. More specifically, in the words of Robert Strayer, the Industrial Revolution saw â€Å"a breakthrough of unprecedented proportions that made available for human use, at least temporarily, immensely greater quantities of energy†. The Industrial Revolution, despite the obviousRead MoreNegative Impacts Of The Industrial Revolution933 Words   |  4 Pagesthink the Industrial Revolution made life better or worse? The Industrial Revolution had several types of impacts on people, from running a family to the ground, with no money left even for food, to making some people richer than ever before. The Revolution made people’s life much better. Some positive impacts include, making the government more money, the better education, technology advancement, and society uplifting as a whole. Some people may beg to differ, but the Industrial Revolution changedRead MoreThe Permanent Impact Of The Industrial Revolution1474 Words   |  6 PagesThe Permanent Impact of the Industrial Revolution It is fair to say, that when we are talking on our cell phone in the car on the way to the mall to purchase a new outfit, it does not usually cross our mind about how we have the ability to be doing such things. We do not consider the fact that we have these means of transportation or communication. Even more so, we definitely do not think about what it would be like to have to special order an outfit after picking the material and being fittedRead MoreImpact Of Entrepreneurs On The Industrial Revolution1740 Words   |  7 PagesThe entrepreneurs had a great effect on the Industrial Revolution because they were working with inventors who had ideas to make things better and work more efficiently. They would pay inventors to keep working on ideas and that would therefore make them more money Entrepreneurs were contributing ideas to the industrialization in the areas of transportation, agriculture, and the population increase demands. Enclosures were made to increase crops. Farmers and landowners were able to try new

Sportsmanship - 761 Words

Christopher Kane MSA 560 Sportsmanship Essay Sports events are essentially social in character. They facilitate the coming together of people from various parts of the country, at a national level, and various parts of the world, at the international level. The dictionary defines sportsmanship as the face or practice of participating in sports or sport. It is also the conduct and attitude considered as befitting participants in sports, especially fair play, courtesy, striving spirit and grace in losing. The golden rule for athletes is good sportsmanship. You demonstrate this when you show respect for yourself, teammates, opponents, coaches, officials and fans. Sportsmanship does not simply pertain to players, spectators,†¦show more content†¦Second even if the other team is losing their tempers, it doesnt mean you have to. We are not professional athletes but we are college players/fans so we must hold ourselves to a higher standard because people are always watching. Third, cheer on your team with positive statements and avoid trash talking the other team. Fourth when officials make a call, accept it gracefully even if it goes against you. Remember the referees may not be right every time, but they are people doing their best just as you are. Lastly, whether you win or lose, congratulate your opponents on a game well played. The next time anyone plays a sport, they can hold their head high after the event and look at themselves in the mirror and say, I played my best and treated everyone with respect. I know we play sports for the love of the game, but we must remember that we are all on the same team in theShow MoreRelatedSportsmanship And Sportsmanship Of A Team1074 Words   |  5 PagesSportsmanship All athletes can recognize that being a part of a team is hard. It is incredibly difficult to select a group of teenagers that will (1) all get along, (2) work together seamlessly, and (3) respect their coaches. The formula for the perfect team is unknowable. One negative spirit always exists to drag the team down, to deflate their motives and increase their egos; but that does not have any effect on the sportsmanship of a team. Sportsmanship does not rely on the cohesiveness of aRead More Sportsmanship Essay1081 Words   |  5 Pagesdefines sportsmanship. What is a sportsman? The definition seems to have undergone a big change over the years. If children follow the example set by todays athletes, the definition would equal a sore loser. High school sports should be a fun way to physically express yourself as an athlete, but at the same time learn some of lifes lessons, like sportsmanship, discipline, and respect. In todays society, winning comes before everything, but if winning requires neglect of good sportsmanship, thenRead More Sportsmanship Essay587 Words   |  3 Pages Sportsmanship Sportsmanship is the character, practice, or skill of a person involved in sports. This includes the participant, the parents, the coaches, and all spectators. Sportsmanlike conduct includes fairness, courtesy, learning to be a good loser, being competitive without rude behavior, or experiencing any ill feelings toward the opponent. Too often in any sporting event, the purpose of the sport is forgotten. Winning has become overwhelmingly important to the adults involved. ThisRead MoreAmerican Football and Good Sportsmanship1101 Words   |  5 Pagesdefines sportsmanship. What is a sportsman? The definition seems to have undergone a big change over the years. If children follow the example set by todays athletes, the definition would equal a sore loser. High school sports should be a fun way to physically express yourself as an athlete, but at the same time learn some of lifes lessons, like sportsmanship, discipline, and respect. In todays society, winning comes before everything, but if winning requires neglect of good sportsmanship, thenRead MoreDefinition Essay on Sportsmanship916 Words   |  4 Pages Definition Essay on Sportsmanship Abstract Although it is very common to mention the term Sportsmanship during any sports event, very few individuals are actually familiar with the true definition of the word. For some it is the behavioral aspect shown by the participating teams or athletes while others it is more than just a routine behavior and is associated with the deep rooted respect of the opponent as well as the outcome of an event. Sportsmanship is known to be an aspiration whichRead MoreImportance of Sportsmanship Essay632 Words   |  3 PagesImportance of Sportsmanship When you are on the field of play, it is vital that you remember to be very sportsmanlike, for numerous reasons. There are many spectators who come to enjoy the competitiveness and excitement of high school athletics and a bad sport can turn a good, hard-fought and enjoyable contest into an ugly, forgettable one. Cheap shots and verbal attacks on fellow student-athletes can forever taint a positive athletic career, and that is why it is vital that sportsmanship is emphasizedRead MoreSportsmanship : A Sport Fairly And Loses Gracefully910 Words   |  4 PagesCasey Harral English 1101-23 Sylvia Johnson November 2, 2015 Sportsmanship One who plays a sport fairly and loses gracefully is how The Merriam Webster Dictionary defines sportsmanship, but what is true Sportsmanship considered to you? Is it an attitude, or simply an act? Sportsmanship can be handled in several different ways. It’s how one team handles another on and off the field. Simply it could also be said as just the way you handle the game in general after a tough loss, or after an easyRead MoreHow Sportsmanship Can Be A Part Of A Team1208 Words   |  5 Pagesdoes not have any effect on the sportsmanship of a team. Sportsmanship does not rely on the cohesiveness of a team. It does not correlate with how many bonding trips a team endures or how many groups of friends are on the team. It is not entirely internal or entirely external. Sportsmanship is not simply the willingness of an athlete to respect other teams; it is an athlete’s ability to respect their own team and, most importantly, his or her self. Sportsmanship is innate, refle cting an athlete’sRead MoreThe Effect of Sportsmanship and Motivation on Athletic Aggression1113 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract: The main objective of this experiment was to find what relationships threre are between sportsmanship, motivation and athletic aggression. There we three preset propositions that they anticipated for their theory: (a) self-determined sport motivation will be positively predictive of sportspersonship orientations, (b) sportspersonship orientations will mediate the relationship between self-determined sport motivation and athletic aggression, and (c) sportspersonship orientations willRead MoreThe Importance Of A Healthy Lifestyle On Good Nutrition, Proper Sleep, And Sportsmanship1180 Words   |  5 Pagesscraped knees but I was usually energetic, athletic, creative and optimistic about life. Health, fitness and well-being were important to my family. I came to value the importance of a healthy lifestyle: good nutrition, proper sleep, exercise and sportsmanship. Education was equally emphasized, â€Å"a sound mind in a sound body,† my grandfather repeatedly told my sister and m e. My grandfather, Pop-Pop, was a gregarious, tall and handsome man with a gleam in his eye who greatly valued education. I listened

The Spiritual Exercises Of Ignatius Loyola - 1782 Words

I will explore a few of unique approaches as outlined in the Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius Loyola. I will describe my experience of integrating some of the concepts of spiritual direction into my practice. Barry and Connolly in their book The Practice of Spiritual Direction say that, â€Å"we define Christian spiritual direction as help given by one Christian to another which enables that person to pay attention to God’s personal communication to him or her, to respond to this personally communicating God, to grow in intimacy with this God and to live out the consequences of the relationship†. Smith says that â€Å"spiritual direction rests on the assumption that each Christian believer has the capacity for an immediate relationship with Christ. This means that the Christian, in real time, encounters the crucified, risen and ascended Lord†. Therefore, my understanding of spiritual direction is that it is an attempt to help Christians to listen to God’s voice, to develop intimate prayer life and relationship with God and to grow in response to God. Ignatius Loyola in his Spiritual Exercises promotes our capacity, through our prayers, to hear Christ’s voice and to use our senses to feel and experience His presence. Smith says, â€Å"Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius Loyola is very focus on Jesus – or, more specifically, on the Jesus story: his birth, life, death and resurrection. In prayer and through the guidance of the Exercises, we are drawn into the Jesus story so that our livesShow MoreRelatedSaint Ignatius Loyola And The Spanish Army2008 Words   |  9 PagesSaint Ignatius Loyola was a nobleman whom entered the Spanish army in 1517, but once he meets the French at battle, he gained a viscous battle wound that took him off the front line . Thus, he found god around the time of 1521 and converted from serving the royal crown of Spain, to serving the divine majesty until his death on the 31st of July 1556 . Saint Ignatius Loyola had then decided he was to go to Montserrat where he confessed his sins and was able to be vindicated . With confessing and realisingRead More Ignatius of Loyola: Founder of the Jesuits Essay1363 Words   |  6 Pages Ignatius of Loyola’s real name was Inigo Lopez de Onaz y Loyola. He was named Inigo until he reached the University of Paris, in which he was named Ignatius. Ignatius was born at the Castle Loyola, which still stands today in northern Spain, on the edge of the Pyrenees Mountains. He was born in 1491, but there are no records of which show the exact date. His mother was Marina Sanchez de Licona and his father was named Beltran. His father, Beltran, fought in a civil war for King Ferdinand of AragonRead MoreSaint Ignatius Of Loyola Personal Writings1078 Words   |  5 Pages The book, Saint Ignatius of Loyola Personal Writings, was translated by Joseph A. Munitiz and Philip Endean and first published in 1996. This book contains many aspects of St. Ignatius’ life, from his reminiscences to his spiritual exercises. Inigo Lopez de Loyola w as born in 1491 in Spain, the youngest of 13 children. Inigo became a soldier at the age of 18 and began to refer to himself at Ignatius. Ignatius becomes a man obsessed with his image and a life of luxury until his conversion into aRead MoreThe Life of Saint Ignatius Essay1815 Words   |  8 PagesSaint Ignatius’s life was from 1491-1556. He was born to Beltran de Onaz Loyola and Dona Marina Sanchez de Licona they were married in 1467. Ingnatuis father died when he was sixteen years of age, and there was no record of his mother’s birth or death. It is not known if Saint Ignatius ever saw or knew his mother. The reason for that belief was because he was nursed by a common woman who lived in one of the villages and her name was Maria Garin. His grandfather, Don Juan Perez de Onaz, was marriedRead MoreThe Spiritual Exercises : Dean Brackley Joins A Long Tradition Of Interpretation1393 Words   |  6 PagesDiscernment in Troubled Times, Dean Brackley joins a long tradition of interpretation of the writings of Saint Ignatius Loyola. Considering the Spiritual Exercises as the starting point for his model, Brackley seeks to recover the place of direct, supernatural, divine influence, particularly by the Holy Spirit, on the discernment of the believer. The spiritual challenges faced by followers of the Exercises have evolved in recent times, as has the Church’s recognition of existing challenges. In the spiritRead MoreThe Establishment and Rise of the Jesuits Essay1348 Words   |  6 Pages At the turn of the 1500’s, the Society of Jesus, also known as the Jesuits, began. It’s founder, Ignatius Loyola, created this society very distinct from other orders, in its â€Å"fanatical† obedience to the pope, and requirement of education to be a practitioner in the Society. The Jesuits played a large role in counter-reformation, specifically Protestantism. The Catholic Church used the Jesuits to reclaim many of the souls lost to the heresies that abounded during that age. The Jesuits continueRead MoreReformation of the Church864 Words   |  3 PagesProtestant Reformation. Christian humanism found expression, putting emphasis even on the pagan culture and philosophy. Controversies with the Protestants also gave way to the revival of scholasticism, giving way to a reformed papacy with its emphasis on spiritual life and service for the people. Such a papacy commanded respect from the Catholics as well as affirmed the validity of the Church’s teaching s. The Catholic Reformation was a rediscovery of the living Tradition. More than a counter-reformation, itRead MoreEssay about Ignatius de Loyola1681 Words   |  7 PagesIgnatius de Loyola Ignatius de Loyola was born in 1491 in Azpeitia in the Basque province of Guipuzcoa in northern Spain. He was the youngest of thirteen children. When Ignatius turned sixteen years old, he was sent to be a page to Juan Velazquez, the treasurer of the kingdom of Castile. Since he became one of the Velazquez households, he was often at court and he liked to be there, especially with the ladies. He became addicted to gambling and engaging in. In May of 1521, Ignatius wasRead MoreA Brief Biography of Saint Ignatious of Loyola947 Words   |  4 PagesSaint Ignatius of Loyola was born in the year 1491. The exact month and day of his birth is not known. He was one of thirteen children. He was born into a very noble family. He was a gambling addict by the age of sixteen. When he was just seventeen years old, he became a soldier in the Spanish Army. In 1521 during a battle with the French, a cannonball broke on of his legs, and severely injured the other. The broken leg had to be broken again in order to fully repair it, and there was a bone in theRead MoreMartin Luther : Freedom Of A Christian And John Calvin1147 Words   |  5 PagesHoly Roman empire. The sources, Martin Luther: Freedom of a Christian and John Calvin: Articles Concerning Predestination and The Necessity of Reforming the Church, contained similarities and differences in regards to Church reforms while St. Ignatius of Loyola: A New Kind of Catholicism specifi cally had slightly differently ideologies in regards to the repentance of sins. All in all, these three models disagreed on many points of the doctrine and church, which created the increase of fractures within

Sustainability Reporting and Corporate Identity

Question: Discuss about the Sustainability Reporting and Corporate Identity. Answer: Introduction The following study provides analysis and discussion on the usefulness and practicability of the sustainability report for the benefit of stakeholders. In order to present the analytical discussion, sustainability report of HM Company has been selected for the financial year 2015. The following assignment covers the value and benefits of the sustainability report to the users of the company along with the investors of the company. Further, the assignment contains the discussion by considering necessary examples to support the key advantages as well as key issues on recognizing and reporting corporate sustainability report to the stakeholders. Background of the company HM is a multinational retail clothing company founded in 1947 serves worldwide area with around 3,716 number of locations (Hm.com 2016). The company deals in the clothing product for men, women including children along with the accessories and is the second largest clothing retailer across the globe. Considering the current performance of the company, revenue amounted to US$21.73 billion while net income amounted to US$2.34 billion have been identified (Hm.com 2016). Sustainability reporting along with its usefulness and practicability Sustainability reporting is presented along with the annual report to provide organizational performance with respect to the environmental, social, economic and governance. In order to analyze the companys performance not only financial information is necessary but also information on the performance in other factors is also necessary (Reimsbach and Hahn 2015). Sustainability reporting assists to manage the organizational impact based on social and environmental factors to improve the operating efficiency. On the other hand, it provides performance information to the stakeholders in terms of access of organizational capital, access of employment, operational efficiency as well as ability to communicate with the stakeholders. Sustainability reporting is used to provide information on improved business process and systems along with the progressing vision and organizational strategy. These information help users of sustainability report to gather organizational information other than the financial performance (Battaglia et al. 2015). Further, sustainability reporting is used to determine the companys competitive advantage in accordance with the current economy of the industrial market. The report also provides useful information to the stakeholders and potential investors on reduction or maintenance of compliance costs that states the effective use of regulatory requirements. Accordingly, sustainability report of HM for the financial year 2015 provides information on how sustainable the company is and primary challenges on sustainability in accordance with the overall fashion industry. The report also provides information on key performance by stating the share of source materials along with the impact on the companys value chain (Greco, Sciulli and DOnza 2015). It has been observed that the organization used around 1.3 million pieces, which was over 300% in comparison to the previous year 2014. Apart from that, use of materials in terms of recycling process increased from 21.2% to 31.4% reflecting the operational and production efficiency of the company (Hm.com 2016). Further, the report of the organization reflects information on effective use of raw materials and other relevant alternatives for the production of clothes and accessories. In order to improve the employment structure as per the industrial benchmark, HM stated the involvement of sustainabi lity training sessions to the employees and workers, which was improved in the year 2015 to 6,488 hours (Hm.com 2016). In view of information on HMs sustainable performance, it can be said that the stakeholders are able to evaluate the companys growth and effective use of capital employment. It has been observed that the effective use of raw materials, operational processes and employment strategies provides the competitive advantage of HM in the present market along with its progressing business strategy (Arena, Bozzolan and Michelon 2015). Accordingly, investors and stakeholders will be able to take better decisions for business deals, investment or other trading and acquisition matters. On the contrary, information on certain challenges on the sustainability gives information on the processes and factors that the company needs further improvement (Harrison and Van der Laan Smith 2015). Example and case study provided According to the case synopsis on Hennes Mauritz AB (HM) by Jerry Sheppard, sustainability analysis has been considered based on internal and external factors. External analysis covers the performance of company as per general environment, global, demographic and political segment (Sfu.ca 2016). Besides, internal analysis provides the efficient use and improvement of tangible resources as well as intangible resources. It has been stated that the organization had been innovative in utilizing the resources including fast and new products for improvement and development of business (Cho et al. 2015). Considering the challenges on business strategy of the company, low price strategy that reflects a shadow of bad quality along with the problems in terms of climate change and working conditions that affect the production process. Further, use of several chemicals in the production of clothes that cause water pollution accordingly it affects the environmental factor. In addition, meeting v arious consumer need was another challenge that the company seemed to face for instance, appropriate wage payment, overtime working, modification in product life cycle (Sfu.ca 2016). On the contrary, sustainability reporting provides organizational core competencies along with the business strategies to reflect companys key concept, design of products and brand quality to improve the business as per consumers expectations. For instance, primary core competencies of HM has been observed with respect to the quality of the products, design of clothes and accessories, creating variety of products as per fashion industry and delivery of products at best price (Sfu.ca 2016). Conclusion Considering the discussion on sustainability reporting, it can be concluded that the organizational performance is not only based on the financial results but also on the social and environmental factors. Sustainability reporting is used to provide operational efficiency of the company to the stakeholders and potential investors. Analyzing the sustainability reporting of HM Company it can be concluded that the organization had been core competent for the delivering the products my maintaining design, quality and price. Along with that, certain challenges with respect to the changes in resources, pollution issues and requirements on various consumer needs. Reference List Arena, C., Bozzolan, S. and Michelon, G., 2015. Environmental reporting: Transparency to stakeholders or stakeholder manipulation? An analysis of disclosure tone and the role of the board of directors.Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,22(6), pp.346-361. Battaglia, M., Bianchi, L., Frey, M. and Passetti, E., 2015. Sustainability reporting and corporate identity: action research evidence in an Italian retailing cooperative.Business Ethics: A European Review,24(1), pp.52-72. Cho, C.H., Laine, M., Roberts, R.W. and Rodrigue, M., 2015. Organized hypocrisy, organizational faades, and sustainability reporting.Accounting, Organizations and Society,40, pp.78-94. Greco, G., Sciulli, N. and DOnza, G., 2015. The influence of stakeholder engagement on sustainability reporting: evidence from Italian local councils.Public Management Review,17(4), pp.465-488. Harrison, J.S. and Van der Laan Smith, J., 2015. Responsible accounting for stakeholders.Journal of Management Studies,52(7), pp.935-960. Hm.com. 2016. HM offers fashion and quality at the best price. [online] Available at: https://www.hm.com/in [Accessed 9 Dec. 2016]. Reimsbach, D. and Hahn, R., 2015. The Effects of Negative Incidents in Sustainability Reporting on Investors Judgmentsan Experimental Study of Third?party Versus Self?disclosure in the Realm of Sustainable Development.Business Strategy and the Environment,24(4), pp.217-235. Sfu.ca. 2016. SFU.ca - Simon Fraser University. [online] Available at: https://www.sfu.ca/ [Accessed 12 Dec. 2016].