The Impacts Of The Industrial Revolution - 780 Words

In the mid 1700s a new era swept over Britain— the Industrial Revolution. Due to numerous unprecedented inventions, the Industrial Revolution began, altering the way of living for millions. The benefits of the revolution for consumers were clear to see, making buying and selling products more convenient as well as travel, creating hundreds of jobs. However, these jobs came at a cost. The Industrial Revolution was a curse for the working class due to dangerous working conditions, squalid housing, and pollution filled cities and factories. Dangerous working conditions along with long hours cursed many people in the working class; factory work was arduous and hazard-filled due to unsafe machines and lack of ventilation. Yet, these conditions†¦show more content†¦Due to unsafe working conditions such as, dust and overwork, doctors told Hebergam he will die within the year. Dangerous working conditions altered the lives of many factory workers. In some instances, overwork and poor ventilation led to many incurable illnesses and deformities. Unable to afford decent health care, the poor were left with no other choice but to suffer through their injuries. Not only did people become sick, death occurred in factories as well. Fast spinning machines lacked safety and smoke filled dimly lit rooms. Hebergam states, â€Å"A boy was caught in a machine and had both his thigh bones broke and from his knee to his hip the flesh was ripped up† (Document 13). This quote shows how dangerous working conditions led to factory workers deaths. In fact, accidents were common in factories due to sharp, high speed machines. To perform certain tasks, workers had to go under or around running machines, risking injury or death. The industrial revolution was a curse for the working class because of the difficulties they had to endure in the factories. Factory workers such as Blincoe and Hebergam’s biases were in favor of safer working conditions and the abolishm ent of child labor because they were factory workers affected by dangerous working conditions. To survive in the boroughs of poverty families put their children to work too. Although young, child laborers faced the same working conditions as their adult counterparts; factory owners preferred toShow MoreRelatedThe Impacts Of The Industrial Revolution1612 Words   |  7 Pagesas the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial revolution put the use of hand tools downward while bringing up the use of factory machines. Factory machines by the late 1800s would soon replace farming with manufacturing at a large scale in the nation. This was seen to be a malificent time, for people from all around the world would be drawn to the Americas. Many came in hopes for a new and better life, but with every opportunity you must be ready to endure the burden. America’s revolution would goRead MoreIndustrial Revolution Impact on the French Revolution1310 Words   |  6 PagesThe French Revolution was influenced by previous events. The idea of treating everyone equally was a cutting-edge view in the eighteenth century. Also novel was the notion that people in the lower social stratum should obtain access to commodities previously reserved for only the upper class. This cultural change for the majority of the populace, focused on promoting the ownership of manufactured goods, also impacted the French Revolution. The industrial change, however, had a longer impact that extendedRead MoreThe Impact On The Industrial Revolution1114 Words   |  5 Pagesways then we can count. Everything that happened before 1492 such as farming, written language, inventions and philosophy had a huge impact on everything that led up to 1492 when Christopher Columbus discovered the Americas. To begin with, the Agricultural Revolution made the biggest impact on the chain of events that happened after it. In the Agricultural Revolution, farming was invented. Plants and animals also became domesticated. This led to the growth of urban centers. This is one of the manyRead MoreThe Impact Of The Industrial Revolution897 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the early 1800’s the Industrial Revolution in England was seen as an improvement to society. Before the revolution began most products such as clothing, were handmade and mostly done in people’s homes with basic machinery. The revolution gave birth to factories were machines that were able to produce a large amount of goods to be manufactured in a shorter amount of time without human error. Providing a great amount of jobs for people, improvement in the countries transportation, and communicationRead MoreIndustrial Revolution : Impact On Society1092 Words   |  5 PagesIndustrial Revolution: Impact on Society Cherny ka Love HIST112 Professor Adam Howard American Military University 15 March 2015 The Industrial Revolution is a term used to describe a period characterized by a transition from old to new processes of manufacturing. This period occurred during the 18th and 19th century. The transition was seen to include movement from primitive hand production to the same type of production using faster more efficient means by use of machines. The era also featuredRead MoreNegative Impacts Of The Industrial Revolution755 Words   |  4 PagesJames Watt improved the steam engine, industrial revolution began to spread around the globe. All electronic devices, cars, and even clothes are all made in factories. We would not be able to have these objects without industrial revolution, which began in Britain. Over the spare of time from industrialization we moved to automatization and now to computerization but we will just talk about the very beginning of industrial revolution. The industrial revolution was the event which changed our worldRead MoreThe Impact Of The Industrial Revo lution On The World1497 Words   |  6 PagesThe Impact of the Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution was an era in the mid-eighteenth to mid-nineteenth centuries that allowed an extension of the ideas of the Scientific Revolution to the rest of European society. More specifically, in the words of Robert Strayer, the Industrial Revolution saw â€Å"a breakthrough of unprecedented proportions that made available for human use, at least temporarily, immensely greater quantities of energy†. The Industrial Revolution, despite the obviousRead MoreNegative Impacts Of The Industrial Revolution933 Words   |  4 Pagesthink the Industrial Revolution made life better or worse? The Industrial Revolution had several types of impacts on people, from running a family to the ground, with no money left even for food, to making some people richer than ever before. The Revolution made people’s life much better. Some positive impacts include, making the government more money, the better education, technology advancement, and society uplifting as a whole. Some people may beg to differ, but the Industrial Revolution changedRead MoreThe Permanent Impact Of The Industrial Revolution1474 Words   |  6 PagesThe Permanent Impact of the Industrial Revolution It is fair to say, that when we are talking on our cell phone in the car on the way to the mall to purchase a new outfit, it does not usually cross our mind about how we have the ability to be doing such things. We do not consider the fact that we have these means of transportation or communication. Even more so, we definitely do not think about what it would be like to have to special order an outfit after picking the material and being fittedRead MoreImpact Of Entrepreneurs On The Industrial Revolution1740 Words   |  7 PagesThe entrepreneurs had a great effect on the Industrial Revolution because they were working with inventors who had ideas to make things better and work more efficiently. They would pay inventors to keep working on ideas and that would therefore make them more money Entrepreneurs were contributing ideas to the industrialization in the areas of transportation, agriculture, and the population increase demands. Enclosures were made to increase crops. Farmers and landowners were able to try new

Sportsmanship - 761 Words

Christopher Kane MSA 560 Sportsmanship Essay Sports events are essentially social in character. They facilitate the coming together of people from various parts of the country, at a national level, and various parts of the world, at the international level. The dictionary defines sportsmanship as the face or practice of participating in sports or sport. It is also the conduct and attitude considered as befitting participants in sports, especially fair play, courtesy, striving spirit and grace in losing. The golden rule for athletes is good sportsmanship. You demonstrate this when you show respect for yourself, teammates, opponents, coaches, officials and fans. Sportsmanship does not simply pertain to players, spectators,†¦show more content†¦Second even if the other team is losing their tempers, it doesnt mean you have to. We are not professional athletes but we are college players/fans so we must hold ourselves to a higher standard because people are always watching. Third, cheer on your team with positive statements and avoid trash talking the other team. Fourth when officials make a call, accept it gracefully even if it goes against you. Remember the referees may not be right every time, but they are people doing their best just as you are. Lastly, whether you win or lose, congratulate your opponents on a game well played. The next time anyone plays a sport, they can hold their head high after the event and look at themselves in the mirror and say, I played my best and treated everyone with respect. I know we play sports for the love of the game, but we must remember that we are all on the same team in theShow MoreRelatedSportsmanship And Sportsmanship Of A Team1074 Words   |  5 PagesSportsmanship All athletes can recognize that being a part of a team is hard. It is incredibly difficult to select a group of teenagers that will (1) all get along, (2) work together seamlessly, and (3) respect their coaches. The formula for the perfect team is unknowable. One negative spirit always exists to drag the team down, to deflate their motives and increase their egos; but that does not have any effect on the sportsmanship of a team. Sportsmanship does not rely on the cohesiveness of aRead More Sportsmanship Essay1081 Words   |  5 Pagesdefines sportsmanship. What is a sportsman? The definition seems to have undergone a big change over the years. If children follow the example set by todays athletes, the definition would equal a sore loser. High school sports should be a fun way to physically express yourself as an athlete, but at the same time learn some of lifes lessons, like sportsmanship, discipline, and respect. In todays society, winning comes before everything, but if winning requires neglect of good sportsmanship, thenRead More Sportsmanship Essay587 Words   |  3 Pages Sportsmanship Sportsmanship is the character, practice, or skill of a person involved in sports. This includes the participant, the parents, the coaches, and all spectators. Sportsmanlike conduct includes fairness, courtesy, learning to be a good loser, being competitive without rude behavior, or experiencing any ill feelings toward the opponent. Too often in any sporting event, the purpose of the sport is forgotten. Winning has become overwhelmingly important to the adults involved. ThisRead MoreAmerican Football and Good Sportsmanship1101 Words   |  5 Pagesdefines sportsmanship. What is a sportsman? The definition seems to have undergone a big change over the years. If children follow the example set by todays athletes, the definition would equal a sore loser. High school sports should be a fun way to physically express yourself as an athlete, but at the same time learn some of lifes lessons, like sportsmanship, discipline, and respect. In todays society, winning comes before everything, but if winning requires neglect of good sportsmanship, thenRead MoreDefinition Essay on Sportsmanship916 Words   |  4 Pages Definition Essay on Sportsmanship Abstract Although it is very common to mention the term Sportsmanship during any sports event, very few individuals are actually familiar with the true definition of the word. For some it is the behavioral aspect shown by the participating teams or athletes while others it is more than just a routine behavior and is associated with the deep rooted respect of the opponent as well as the outcome of an event. Sportsmanship is known to be an aspiration whichRead MoreImportance of Sportsmanship Essay632 Words   |  3 PagesImportance of Sportsmanship When you are on the field of play, it is vital that you remember to be very sportsmanlike, for numerous reasons. There are many spectators who come to enjoy the competitiveness and excitement of high school athletics and a bad sport can turn a good, hard-fought and enjoyable contest into an ugly, forgettable one. Cheap shots and verbal attacks on fellow student-athletes can forever taint a positive athletic career, and that is why it is vital that sportsmanship is emphasizedRead MoreSportsmanship : A Sport Fairly And Loses Gracefully910 Words   |  4 PagesCasey Harral English 1101-23 Sylvia Johnson November 2, 2015 Sportsmanship One who plays a sport fairly and loses gracefully is how The Merriam Webster Dictionary defines sportsmanship, but what is true Sportsmanship considered to you? Is it an attitude, or simply an act? Sportsmanship can be handled in several different ways. It’s how one team handles another on and off the field. Simply it could also be said as just the way you handle the game in general after a tough loss, or after an easyRead MoreHow Sportsmanship Can Be A Part Of A Team1208 Words   |  5 Pagesdoes not have any effect on the sportsmanship of a team. Sportsmanship does not rely on the cohesiveness of a team. It does not correlate with how many bonding trips a team endures or how many groups of friends are on the team. It is not entirely internal or entirely external. Sportsmanship is not simply the willingness of an athlete to respect other teams; it is an athlete’s ability to respect their own team and, most importantly, his or her self. Sportsmanship is innate, refle cting an athlete’sRead MoreThe Effect of Sportsmanship and Motivation on Athletic Aggression1113 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract: The main objective of this experiment was to find what relationships threre are between sportsmanship, motivation and athletic aggression. There we three preset propositions that they anticipated for their theory: (a) self-determined sport motivation will be positively predictive of sportspersonship orientations, (b) sportspersonship orientations will mediate the relationship between self-determined sport motivation and athletic aggression, and (c) sportspersonship orientations willRead MoreThe Importance Of A Healthy Lifestyle On Good Nutrition, Proper Sleep, And Sportsmanship1180 Words   |  5 Pagesscraped knees but I was usually energetic, athletic, creative and optimistic about life. Health, fitness and well-being were important to my family. I came to value the importance of a healthy lifestyle: good nutrition, proper sleep, exercise and sportsmanship. Education was equally emphasized, â€Å"a sound mind in a sound body,† my grandfather repeatedly told my sister and m e. My grandfather, Pop-Pop, was a gregarious, tall and handsome man with a gleam in his eye who greatly valued education. I listened

The Spiritual Exercises Of Ignatius Loyola - 1782 Words

I will explore a few of unique approaches as outlined in the Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius Loyola. I will describe my experience of integrating some of the concepts of spiritual direction into my practice. Barry and Connolly in their book The Practice of Spiritual Direction say that, â€Å"we define Christian spiritual direction as help given by one Christian to another which enables that person to pay attention to God’s personal communication to him or her, to respond to this personally communicating God, to grow in intimacy with this God and to live out the consequences of the relationship†. Smith says that â€Å"spiritual direction rests on the assumption that each Christian believer has the capacity for an immediate relationship with Christ. This means that the Christian, in real time, encounters the crucified, risen and ascended Lord†. Therefore, my understanding of spiritual direction is that it is an attempt to help Christians to listen to God’s voice, to develop intimate prayer life and relationship with God and to grow in response to God. Ignatius Loyola in his Spiritual Exercises promotes our capacity, through our prayers, to hear Christ’s voice and to use our senses to feel and experience His presence. Smith says, â€Å"Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius Loyola is very focus on Jesus – or, more specifically, on the Jesus story: his birth, life, death and resurrection. In prayer and through the guidance of the Exercises, we are drawn into the Jesus story so that our livesShow MoreRelatedSaint Ignatius Loyola And The Spanish Army2008 Words   |  9 PagesSaint Ignatius Loyola was a nobleman whom entered the Spanish army in 1517, but once he meets the French at battle, he gained a viscous battle wound that took him off the front line . Thus, he found god around the time of 1521 and converted from serving the royal crown of Spain, to serving the divine majesty until his death on the 31st of July 1556 . Saint Ignatius Loyola had then decided he was to go to Montserrat where he confessed his sins and was able to be vindicated . With confessing and realisingRead More Ignatius of Loyola: Founder of the Jesuits Essay1363 Words   |  6 Pages Ignatius of Loyola’s real name was Inigo Lopez de Onaz y Loyola. He was named Inigo until he reached the University of Paris, in which he was named Ignatius. Ignatius was born at the Castle Loyola, which still stands today in northern Spain, on the edge of the Pyrenees Mountains. He was born in 1491, but there are no records of which show the exact date. His mother was Marina Sanchez de Licona and his father was named Beltran. His father, Beltran, fought in a civil war for King Ferdinand of AragonRead MoreSaint Ignatius Of Loyola Personal Writings1078 Words   |  5 Pages The book, Saint Ignatius of Loyola Personal Writings, was translated by Joseph A. Munitiz and Philip Endean and first published in 1996. This book contains many aspects of St. Ignatius’ life, from his reminiscences to his spiritual exercises. Inigo Lopez de Loyola w as born in 1491 in Spain, the youngest of 13 children. Inigo became a soldier at the age of 18 and began to refer to himself at Ignatius. Ignatius becomes a man obsessed with his image and a life of luxury until his conversion into aRead MoreThe Life of Saint Ignatius Essay1815 Words   |  8 PagesSaint Ignatius’s life was from 1491-1556. He was born to Beltran de Onaz Loyola and Dona Marina Sanchez de Licona they were married in 1467. Ingnatuis father died when he was sixteen years of age, and there was no record of his mother’s birth or death. It is not known if Saint Ignatius ever saw or knew his mother. The reason for that belief was because he was nursed by a common woman who lived in one of the villages and her name was Maria Garin. His grandfather, Don Juan Perez de Onaz, was marriedRead MoreThe Spiritual Exercises : Dean Brackley Joins A Long Tradition Of Interpretation1393 Words   |  6 PagesDiscernment in Troubled Times, Dean Brackley joins a long tradition of interpretation of the writings of Saint Ignatius Loyola. Considering the Spiritual Exercises as the starting point for his model, Brackley seeks to recover the place of direct, supernatural, divine influence, particularly by the Holy Spirit, on the discernment of the believer. The spiritual challenges faced by followers of the Exercises have evolved in recent times, as has the Church’s recognition of existing challenges. In the spiritRead MoreThe Establishment and Rise of the Jesuits Essay1348 Words   |  6 Pages At the turn of the 1500’s, the Society of Jesus, also known as the Jesuits, began. It’s founder, Ignatius Loyola, created this society very distinct from other orders, in its â€Å"fanatical† obedience to the pope, and requirement of education to be a practitioner in the Society. The Jesuits played a large role in counter-reformation, specifically Protestantism. The Catholic Church used the Jesuits to reclaim many of the souls lost to the heresies that abounded during that age. The Jesuits continueRead MoreReformation of the Church864 Words   |  3 PagesProtestant Reformation. Christian humanism found expression, putting emphasis even on the pagan culture and philosophy. Controversies with the Protestants also gave way to the revival of scholasticism, giving way to a reformed papacy with its emphasis on spiritual life and service for the people. Such a papacy commanded respect from the Catholics as well as affirmed the validity of the Church’s teaching s. The Catholic Reformation was a rediscovery of the living Tradition. More than a counter-reformation, itRead MoreEssay about Ignatius de Loyola1681 Words   |  7 PagesIgnatius de Loyola Ignatius de Loyola was born in 1491 in Azpeitia in the Basque province of Guipuzcoa in northern Spain. He was the youngest of thirteen children. When Ignatius turned sixteen years old, he was sent to be a page to Juan Velazquez, the treasurer of the kingdom of Castile. Since he became one of the Velazquez households, he was often at court and he liked to be there, especially with the ladies. He became addicted to gambling and engaging in. In May of 1521, Ignatius wasRead MoreA Brief Biography of Saint Ignatious of Loyola947 Words   |  4 PagesSaint Ignatius of Loyola was born in the year 1491. The exact month and day of his birth is not known. He was one of thirteen children. He was born into a very noble family. He was a gambling addict by the age of sixteen. When he was just seventeen years old, he became a soldier in the Spanish Army. In 1521 during a battle with the French, a cannonball broke on of his legs, and severely injured the other. The broken leg had to be broken again in order to fully repair it, and there was a bone in theRead MoreMartin Luther : Freedom Of A Christian And John Calvin1147 Words   |  5 PagesHoly Roman empire. The sources, Martin Luther: Freedom of a Christian and John Calvin: Articles Concerning Predestination and The Necessity of Reforming the Church, contained similarities and differences in regards to Church reforms while St. Ignatius of Loyola: A New Kind of Catholicism specifi cally had slightly differently ideologies in regards to the repentance of sins. All in all, these three models disagreed on many points of the doctrine and church, which created the increase of fractures within

Sustainability Reporting and Corporate Identity

Question: Discuss about the Sustainability Reporting and Corporate Identity. Answer: Introduction The following study provides analysis and discussion on the usefulness and practicability of the sustainability report for the benefit of stakeholders. In order to present the analytical discussion, sustainability report of HM Company has been selected for the financial year 2015. The following assignment covers the value and benefits of the sustainability report to the users of the company along with the investors of the company. Further, the assignment contains the discussion by considering necessary examples to support the key advantages as well as key issues on recognizing and reporting corporate sustainability report to the stakeholders. Background of the company HM is a multinational retail clothing company founded in 1947 serves worldwide area with around 3,716 number of locations (Hm.com 2016). The company deals in the clothing product for men, women including children along with the accessories and is the second largest clothing retailer across the globe. Considering the current performance of the company, revenue amounted to US$21.73 billion while net income amounted to US$2.34 billion have been identified (Hm.com 2016). Sustainability reporting along with its usefulness and practicability Sustainability reporting is presented along with the annual report to provide organizational performance with respect to the environmental, social, economic and governance. In order to analyze the companys performance not only financial information is necessary but also information on the performance in other factors is also necessary (Reimsbach and Hahn 2015). Sustainability reporting assists to manage the organizational impact based on social and environmental factors to improve the operating efficiency. On the other hand, it provides performance information to the stakeholders in terms of access of organizational capital, access of employment, operational efficiency as well as ability to communicate with the stakeholders. Sustainability reporting is used to provide information on improved business process and systems along with the progressing vision and organizational strategy. These information help users of sustainability report to gather organizational information other than the financial performance (Battaglia et al. 2015). Further, sustainability reporting is used to determine the companys competitive advantage in accordance with the current economy of the industrial market. The report also provides useful information to the stakeholders and potential investors on reduction or maintenance of compliance costs that states the effective use of regulatory requirements. Accordingly, sustainability report of HM for the financial year 2015 provides information on how sustainable the company is and primary challenges on sustainability in accordance with the overall fashion industry. The report also provides information on key performance by stating the share of source materials along with the impact on the companys value chain (Greco, Sciulli and DOnza 2015). It has been observed that the organization used around 1.3 million pieces, which was over 300% in comparison to the previous year 2014. Apart from that, use of materials in terms of recycling process increased from 21.2% to 31.4% reflecting the operational and production efficiency of the company (Hm.com 2016). Further, the report of the organization reflects information on effective use of raw materials and other relevant alternatives for the production of clothes and accessories. In order to improve the employment structure as per the industrial benchmark, HM stated the involvement of sustainabi lity training sessions to the employees and workers, which was improved in the year 2015 to 6,488 hours (Hm.com 2016). In view of information on HMs sustainable performance, it can be said that the stakeholders are able to evaluate the companys growth and effective use of capital employment. It has been observed that the effective use of raw materials, operational processes and employment strategies provides the competitive advantage of HM in the present market along with its progressing business strategy (Arena, Bozzolan and Michelon 2015). Accordingly, investors and stakeholders will be able to take better decisions for business deals, investment or other trading and acquisition matters. On the contrary, information on certain challenges on the sustainability gives information on the processes and factors that the company needs further improvement (Harrison and Van der Laan Smith 2015). Example and case study provided According to the case synopsis on Hennes Mauritz AB (HM) by Jerry Sheppard, sustainability analysis has been considered based on internal and external factors. External analysis covers the performance of company as per general environment, global, demographic and political segment (Sfu.ca 2016). Besides, internal analysis provides the efficient use and improvement of tangible resources as well as intangible resources. It has been stated that the organization had been innovative in utilizing the resources including fast and new products for improvement and development of business (Cho et al. 2015). Considering the challenges on business strategy of the company, low price strategy that reflects a shadow of bad quality along with the problems in terms of climate change and working conditions that affect the production process. Further, use of several chemicals in the production of clothes that cause water pollution accordingly it affects the environmental factor. In addition, meeting v arious consumer need was another challenge that the company seemed to face for instance, appropriate wage payment, overtime working, modification in product life cycle (Sfu.ca 2016). On the contrary, sustainability reporting provides organizational core competencies along with the business strategies to reflect companys key concept, design of products and brand quality to improve the business as per consumers expectations. For instance, primary core competencies of HM has been observed with respect to the quality of the products, design of clothes and accessories, creating variety of products as per fashion industry and delivery of products at best price (Sfu.ca 2016). Conclusion Considering the discussion on sustainability reporting, it can be concluded that the organizational performance is not only based on the financial results but also on the social and environmental factors. Sustainability reporting is used to provide operational efficiency of the company to the stakeholders and potential investors. Analyzing the sustainability reporting of HM Company it can be concluded that the organization had been core competent for the delivering the products my maintaining design, quality and price. Along with that, certain challenges with respect to the changes in resources, pollution issues and requirements on various consumer needs. Reference List Arena, C., Bozzolan, S. and Michelon, G., 2015. Environmental reporting: Transparency to stakeholders or stakeholder manipulation? An analysis of disclosure tone and the role of the board of directors.Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,22(6), pp.346-361. Battaglia, M., Bianchi, L., Frey, M. and Passetti, E., 2015. Sustainability reporting and corporate identity: action research evidence in an Italian retailing cooperative.Business Ethics: A European Review,24(1), pp.52-72. Cho, C.H., Laine, M., Roberts, R.W. and Rodrigue, M., 2015. Organized hypocrisy, organizational faades, and sustainability reporting.Accounting, Organizations and Society,40, pp.78-94. Greco, G., Sciulli, N. and DOnza, G., 2015. The influence of stakeholder engagement on sustainability reporting: evidence from Italian local councils.Public Management Review,17(4), pp.465-488. Harrison, J.S. and Van der Laan Smith, J., 2015. Responsible accounting for stakeholders.Journal of Management Studies,52(7), pp.935-960. Hm.com. 2016. HM offers fashion and quality at the best price. [online] Available at: https://www.hm.com/in [Accessed 9 Dec. 2016]. Reimsbach, D. and Hahn, R., 2015. The Effects of Negative Incidents in Sustainability Reporting on Investors Judgmentsan Experimental Study of Third?party Versus Self?disclosure in the Realm of Sustainable Development.Business Strategy and the Environment,24(4), pp.217-235. Sfu.ca. 2016. SFU.ca - Simon Fraser University. [online] Available at: https://www.sfu.ca/ [Accessed 12 Dec. 2016].

Comparing U.S and Canada immigration

Immigration in the United States and Canada in the Post Hart-Cella Act (1965) and Canadian Immigration (1976) Act Era This paper addresses the socio-economic benefits of immigrant population in the United States of America (USA) and Canada. The USA and Canada have adapted stringent immigration policies aimed at either drastically reducing the influx of immigrants or selecting suitable immigrants to the two countries. However, the immigrants have greatly influenced the socio-economic landscape of the two North American countries.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Comparing U.S and Canada immigration specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Immigrants in the U.S.A and Canada contribute to the labor force of the two economies. The goods and services they produce are beneficial to the natives. Batalova and Fix (2008), posist that the ratio of native to foreign born doctors in the U.S.A is three to one, in every three computer engineers one is an immigrant. In addition, fortytwo percent of medical experts are immigrants. â€Å"In Canada, thirty eight percent of male in the labor force are immigrants with post graduate degree† (Jay, 2007). In addition, immigrants to both the USA and Canada contribute to the two economies as consumers. The immigrant population aid in creation of new jobs as they increase demand for consumer products and services. This is also a credible foundation and emergence of new market groups. Mehta, Nik, Mora, and Wade (2002), reveal that illegal immigrants in the chicago metropolitan area are responsible for creation of over thirty thousand additional jobs,which is a significant boost to the local economy. Furthermore, immigrants contribute to the economies of their host countries as entrepreneurs. The immigrants are likely to invest in sectors smaller than the main economic segment characterized by low entry barriers, limited technical and skill requirements. Rapid Immigrati on (2011), maintain that immigrants are more likely to go into business than the natives and they also contribute to cutting edge businesses. Nonetheless, immigrants in the United States and Canada contribute more in taxes than what they receive as public benefit. The difference between taxes they remit and benefit cost for an individual immigrant is approximately $ 2,000. The net tax an individual immigrant remits together with his or her descendants at federal level is between $80,0000 and $105,000. At State level it is $ 25,000 (Smith Edmonston, 1997). The immigrant population in the United States and Canada has influenced culture in the two countries. â€Å"Initially, this was the basis of U.S. immigration: There existed an American identity, and people of all creeds and races could take on that identity. In other words, they could become Americanized† (Trumpet.com, 2005). California and New Mexico have adopted the use Spanish language while Lousiana has adopted French ( Dicker, 2003). Immigrations has impacted the crime scene of both the US and Canada. The Department of Homeland Security(DHS) reveal that twenty percent of inmates in prison and jails are immigrants (Camarota Vaughan, 2009).Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In conclusion, it is evident that immigrants play a vital role in the economies of their host countries. This paper delves into details the contribution of the immigrant community and their role in the economic development. The information to used in the proposed essay are derived from some of the following sources: Primary sources, Anderson (2005) and AnnaLee Saxenian (2000). Secondary sources are Hebert (2011), Dukakis Mitchell (2006), Fitzpatrick (2008), De Cà ³rdoba Kehoe (2009), Lochhead (2003) and Kelley (2008). References AnnaLee Saxenian. (2000). Silicon Valley’s New Immigrant Entrepreneurs. San Diego: The Center for Comparative Immigration Studies. Anderson, S. (2005). The Contribution of Legal Immigration to the Social Security  System. Arlington: National Foundation for American Policy. Camarota, S. A., Vaughan, J. (2009, November ). Immigration and Crime: Assessing  a Conflicted Issue. Retrieved from www.cis.org: http://www.cis.org/ImmigrantCrime De Cà ³rdoba, G. F., Kehoe, T. (2009). The Current Financial Crisis:What Should We  Learn from the Great Depression of the Twentieth century? Minesota: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Dicker, S. J. (2003). Languages in America: A PluralistView. Multilingual Matters, 216, 220–25. Dukakis, M., Mitchell, D. ( 2006), July 25). Raise Wages, Not Walls. The New York  Times.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Comparing U.S and Canada immigration specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Fitzpatrick, M. (2008, March 04). Majority of recent immigrants to Canada have degree.  Nationa Post Hebert, R. (2011). The Contribution of Immigrants to Canada’s Tech Sector†¦.and Why  Politicians Must Pay Attention! Retrieved from www.articleslash.net: http://www.articleslash.net/Business/Careers-Employment/586066__The-Contribution-of-Immigrants-to-Canada-s-Tech-Sector-and-Why-Politicians-Must-Pay-Attention.html Jay, B. (2007). Newcomers improve pay equality in Canada. The Gazette. Kelley, A. M. (2008). The Economic Impact Of Immigration. Retrieved from www.ilw.com: http://www.ilw.com/articles/2008,0107-kelley.shtm#bio Lochhead, C. (2003, July). The Transition Penalty: Unemployment Among Recent  Immigrants to Canada. Retrieved from www.clbc.ca: http://www.clbc.ca/files/Reports/Fitting_In/Transition_Penalty_e-CLBC.pdf Mehta, C., Nik, T., Mora, I., Wade, J. (2002). Chicago’s Undocumented Immigrants:  An Analysis of Wages, Working Conditions, And Economic Contributions,.  Chicago: Center for Urban Economic Development, University of Illinoi s. Rapid Immigration. (2011, October 2). US immigration Information in Your Own  Language. Retrieved from www.rapidimmigration.com: http://www.rapidimmigration.com/1_eng_immigration_facts.htmlAdvertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Smith, J. P., Edmonston, B. (1997). The New Americans: Economic, Demographic,  and Fiscal Effects of Immigration. Washington DC: National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences Press. Immigration in the United States and Canada in the Post Hart-Cella Act (1965) and Canadian Immigration (1976) Act Era Two basic factors motivate Immigration in the world; the first one is the reason to move from country of origin and second, the reason to move to a host country. According to Esipova and Ray (2009), socio-economic factors have influenced the world’s immigration pattern with statistics indicating that United States of America (USA) and Canada are still destinations of choice for most people in the world especially from the developing nations. â€Å"In 2006, the immigrant population in Canada was nineteen percent of the total population† (Statistics Canada, 2006). â€Å"In 2003, the population of immigrants in the USA was eleven percent of the total populationâ⠂¬  (U.S. Census Bureau, 2003). United States of America and Canada have adapted stringent immigration policies aimed at either drastically reducing the influx of immigrants or selecting suitable immigrants to the two countries. However, immigrants have greatly influenced the socio-economic landscape of the two North American countries. Economic Impact of the Immigrant Population Report by the White House Council of Economic Advisors(2007) indicate that â€Å"immigrant population in the U.S.A adds $ 37 billion every year to the economy†. Similarly, according to Grubel and Grady (2011), in 2006, the immigrant population remitted more than fifty percent of the total taxes. Immigrant Labour force Immigrants in the U.S.A and Canada contribute to the labor force of the two economies. The goods and services they produce are also beneficial to the natives. Batalova and Fix (2008), point out that the ratio of native to foreign born doctors in the USA is three to one and in every thr ee computer engineers one is an immigrant and over forty percent of medical experts are immigrants. â€Å"In Canada, thirty eight percent of male in the labor force are immigrants with post graduate degree† (Jay, 2007). Furthermore, â€Å" forty nine percent of doctorate degree holders and forty percent of masters holders in Canada are immigrants† (Fitzpatrick, 2008). The availability of employment and the minimum wage factor have significantly boosted immigration to The U.S.A and Canada. Many have argued that immigrants take jobs with minimum wages that the natives do not consider (Dukakis Mitchell, 2006). In addition, other scholars argue that the minimum wage creates illegal job market that pay lower than the minimum wage especially for the illegal and undocumented immigrants in the United States, who mainly cross the southern border (Penney, 2010). In comparison, Canada’s geographic position makes it less vulnerable to undocumented immigrants crossing the b orders. However, just like the United States, immigrants are still at the bottom of the labour market. Newer immigrants to Canada have a high unemployment rate, it takes them ten years before they can attain the same employment rate as of the natives (Lochhead, 2003). In 2006, â€Å"new immigrants had an unemployment rate of eleven percent compared to five percent of the Canadian natives and seven percent of immigrants who had stayed in Canada for more than five years† (Statistics canada, 2006). USA has a high number of illegal and undocumented immigrants linked to the economic performance. According to Pew Hispanic Center (2008), population of undocumented workers increased by one million between 1990 and 2006 then dropped significantly during the economic downturn, it is estimated that the number of illegal immigrant is lower than of legal permanent resident immigrants. The report further reveals that â€Å"five percent of the labour force in the United States is composed of illegal and undocumented immigrants† (Pew Hispanic Center, 2008). Evidence suggest that immigrants to the united States and Canada are concentrated at both income ends of the respective countries labour markets, which are largely determined by their immigration status and educational levels. Immigrant Consumers Immigrants to both the United States and Canada contribute greatly to their host country’s economies as consumers. The immigrant population aid in creation of new jobs as they increase demand for consumer products and services. They provide credible foundation and emergence of new market groups. Mehta, Nik, Mora, and Wade (2002), reveal that illegal immigrants in the chicago metropolitan area are responsible for creation of 31, 908 additional jobs,which is a significant boost to the local economy. In Canada, â€Å" twenty percent of total intake of immigrants are Chinese making their language the third most spoken in Canada.† (Wang Lo, 2003) The paper further details the establishment of a Chinese news paper published in Toronto marketing professional services and other goods. In addition, with a decreasing birth rate and early retirement, Canada will depend on new immigrants to sustain the growth of consumer market. Tory and Deans (2011) concur that Ontario’s economy is unsustainable without attracting skilled immigrants. They claim that Ontario is facing stiff competition from other provinces as it receives fewer immigrants. In the USA, â€Å"immigration has led to the establishment of Hispanic, African-American, Asian-American consumer markets, when all combined they were worth $ 1.46 trillion in purchasing power.† (Passel D’Vera, 2009) The number of African immigrants is increasing in the U.S.A. This group has strong family and cultural ties in their native countries, which include music, food and lifestyle. A study by New American Dimensions (2009) detail the following: African immigrants prove to be se nsible shoppers, shopping around for the right price and the right product. Younger shoppers are more prone to shopping for products recommended by family and friends. Supermarkets lead the list of stores patronized by African immigrants. Discount stores and low-end department stores are the top shopping venues for clothes and accessories. (p 199) Experts widely anticipate that the immigrant population will help in reviving the underperforming housing market in the United States. Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University ( 2009) indicates that immigrants in the United States directly contributed to formation of more than forty percent of households in the early part of the year 2000. In Canada, a study by Genworth Financial Inc (2007), indicated that fifty two percent of immigrants buy homes within their third year of arrival. The study also indicates that ninety one percent of new immigrants in 2007 had a desire to own homes. Immigrant Entrepreneurs Immigrants to Canad a and the United States of America contribute to the economies of their respective host countries as entrepreneurs. The immigrants are likely to invest in smaller segment of the economy characterized by low entry levels limited technical and skill requirements. Rapid Immigration (2011), assert that immigrants are more likely to go into business than the natives and they also have contributed to cutting edge businesses. A good example is the silicon valley in the USA that has witnessed a overwelming immigrant participation. The Hart-Celler Act of 1965 is the genesis of Asian immigration to the West Coast of the United States. It allowed immigration based on ones’ skills and family ties to an American citizen or a permanent resident. This act created opportunities for highly educated professional immigrants whose skills were on demand. Skilled immigrants have an increasing presence in Silicon Valley, they comprise a third of the entreprenurial engineers. A study conducted by An naLee Saxenian (2000), reveal that Yahoo, Hotmail and Ebay as some of the immigrant founded companies in the Silicon Valley. In South Florida, immigrants from Latin American countries have turned the area into a leading attraction of business from their native countries and specifically in banking (Sassen Portes, 1993). In canada, a report by RBC Economic Research (2011), show that immigrant enterprises doubled in number between 2004 and 2007. The report also found out that new immigrant business people are younger than their native counterparts. â€Å"Some of the companies conceived and initiated by Canadian immigrants include, Mitel, Newbridge, Corel, ATI, Redknee, Dalsa, Platform, Futurecom, Intelligent Mechatronics (IMS), Aastra, Hummingbird, Matrox, Sigma Systems, JDS and Consultronics† (Hebert, 2011). Thomas Bata was a notable investor from Czechoslovakia, with his Toronto based Bata Shoes Company. â€Å"Others include, Robert Shad of Husky Injection Molding, Frank St ronach of Magna, Leslie Dan of Novopharm, Peter Munk of Barrick, the Reichman family† (Hebert, 2011). Immigrant business in the United States have greatly depended on their social structures and ethnic based institution that support their activities. These include non-market mechanisms such as collective labor, rotating credit association that act as resource mobilizes for entreprenurial opportunities. â€Å"These groups or organizations exhibit elements of immigrant cultures as well as good business practices † (AnnaLeeSaxenian, 2000, p.31). A notable example is in Silicon Valley, where the Chinese and Indian immigrant groups actively exist. They join mainstream associations such as the American Electronic Association. They join such association just to be sure, but appear less active in them as compared to their ethnic associations. Some Chinese associations have different ethnic outlook from others, for instance The Monte Jade Science and Technology Association use t heir dialect, Mandarinand, in all their functions. â€Å"This excludes immigrants from other parts of China who do not speak Mandarin† ( AnnaLee Saxenian , 2000 p.31). These associations provide first generation immigrants with sources of professional network and contacts. They also provide source of labor information,market and hiring avenues for members. In addition, they sponsor regular conferences and forums for members to share ideas. Some of the immigrants associations include, The Chinese Software Professionals Association founded by a small group former students of National Taiwan University in 1988. This is a volunteer run association and is actively involved in networking. The association holds monthly meetings in English, it posts job opportunities for members and the membership is open. â€Å"They hold their annual conferrence at Stanford University,which is their premier event† ( AnnaLee Saxenian , 2000 p.41). Other notable immigrant associations are, The Silicon Valley Indian Professionals Association founded in 1987 by a young Indian engineer, The Indus Entrepreneur started in 1991 among many others. Immigrant Tax Payers Immigrants in the United States contribute more in taxes than what they receive as public benefit. The difference between tax and cost in benefits for an individual immigrant is $ 1,800 and the net tax he or she remits together with the descendants is between $80,0000 and $105,000 at federal level and $ 25,000 at the state level (Smith Edmonston, 1997). â€Å" In 1997, immigrant enterprises and households remitted $162 billion in taxes. In addition, only after Ten to fifteen years is when immigrants becomes net economic contributors (Moore, 1998). It is believed that more than half of undocumented immigrants pay federal, state and medicare taxes. Nonetheless, all immigrants remit sales taxes and property taxes when they rent houses or buy goods and services (The White House, 2005). According to Strayhorn (2006), $1.58 billion in revenues was produced by undocumented immigrants in Texas, this was way more than the $1.16 billion they received. Immigrants are major contributors to the Social Security system. Undocumented immigrants contribute billions to the Social Security system under false names that do not match the numbers. These immigrants can not benefit from the system. In the year 2005, records from the Earnings Suspense File indicated a total of $ 520 billion (O’Carroll, 2006). It is estimated that over the next five decades immigrants to the USA will provide a net benefit of over four hundred billion dollars to the social Security system (Anderson, 2005). One most significant way in which immigrants to Canada and the United States of America contribute to the economies of their respective host countries is by remitting their taxes. According to Kelley (2008), Most studies are inconsistent by their mention of the cost of immigration to the economy. Most of these studies cover one year of the immigrant population and fail to consider the gradual increase of their tax contribution over extended period. Most Immigrants do not have access to federal and state public benefit programs and cannot burden the economy’s budget. There are public benefits such as Temporary Assistance, Medicaid, Food Stamps, Supplemental Security income that immigrants do not qualify to receive. Permanent residents need to pay into Social Security for more than ten years for them to benefit from it, before they can benefit from it if they retire. Illegal immigrants who form one third of the immigrant population, also do not qualify to receive any public benefits. (Wasem, 2007). In 2005, â€Å" the percentage of immigrant children receiving Medicare dropped to thirty from thirtysix in 1995 while native children receiving medicare increased to fortyseven percent in 2005 from fortyfive percent in 1995† (Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, 2007). Immigrants in the Unite d States, do not feature significantly in statistics on growth of poverty. According to Center on Budget and Policy Priorities (2007), natives of the United States accounted for sixteen percent of the growth of poverty line. The same analysis reveal the growth of the poverty line by 3.9 million between 2000 and 2006. Immigrants contributed to ten percent of that growth which included undocumented immigrants. The healthcare system is not strained by immigrants. Data from an interview survey conducted in California, indicated that undocumented immigrants from Mexico and Latin America did not use health care and reported bad experiences unlike their U.S counterparts (Ortega, et al., 2007). In 1998, expense per person on healthcare was at fiftyfive percent lower for immigrants than for natives, on the average, U.S Natives received $2,546 as compared to $ 1,139 for the immigrants (Oregon Center for Public Policy, 2007). Immigrant population in the United States is a net benefit to the ec onomy. Immigrants complement the country’s labor force, which triggers capital investments. This leads to the increase of the Gross Domestic Product yearly. According to Smith and Edmonston (1997), â€Å"The average fiscal impact of immigrants is positive in part because they tend to arrive at young working ages. This because their descendants are expected to have higher skills and incomes, in part because they pay taxes for some items, such as national defense and interest on the federal debt, for which they do not impose costs, and in part because they will help to pay the public costs of the aging baby-boom generations.† (p. 353) Evidence suggests that immigrants have access to the upward mobility. Successive generations of the Hispanic men have closed the education gap with their native white counterpart, which has translated to increased income over years. The percentage of Hispanic immigrants earning minimum wage in 1995 decreased to thirty-six percent from forty -two percent in 2005 (Pew Hispanic Center, 2008). Poverty rate declined to twelve percent in 1990 from seventeen percent in 1980 and twenty-four percent in 1970 among the Latino immigrants who came to California between 1960 and 1970 (Myers, 2007). In Canada, on the average immigrant household remitted $ 22,528 in taxes while the government spent $ 10,558 on each household in 1990 (Akbari, 1990). Social impact of the Immigrant Population The immigrant population in the United States and Canada has influenced culture in the two countries. â€Å"Initially, this was the basis of U.S. immigration: There existed an American identity, and people of all creeds and races could take on that identity. In other words, they could become Americanized† (Trumpet.com, 2005). Immigration has resulted in erosion of the Americanization and introduced the melting pot phenomenon. California and New Mexico have adopted the use Spanish language while Lousiana has adopted French (Dicker, 2003). On t he other hand, Chinese is widely spoken in some areas in Canada (Wang Lo, 2003). Immigrations has impacted the crime scene of both the US and Canada. The Department of Homeland Security(DHS) reveal that twenty percent of inmates in prison and jails are immigrants (Camarota Vaughan, 2009). United States and Canada have both witnessed the increase in organized crime influenced by immigrants. A good example is the Mafia crime saga that has continued to perplex many. Siderno Group a consortium of crime families including Coluccio, Commusso, Figliomeni is still operating in Canada (Humphreys, 2010). In the US, five crime families have been operating since the sixties, these are, Bonanno, Colombo, Gambino, Genovese and Lucchese (Hunt, 2011). The United States and Canada have reaped much benefit from the immigrant community. The two governments need to adopt new policies that address immigrant issues. Annotated Bibliography Dukakis, M., Mitchell, D. ( 2006), July 25). Raise Wages, Not W alls. The New York Times. This Paper provides a political perspective on the role of the leaders on the immigration debate. It includes relevant evidence about the economic conditions of illegal immigrants in the United States. It addresses pertinent social justice issues that pertain to the plight of undocumented immigrants populations. Fitzpatrick, M. (2008, March 04). Majority of recent immigrants to Canada have degree. Nationa Post. This source describes the impact of immigration on the Canadian economy. It provides a comprehensive coverage of the Canadian immigration situation specifically the new immigrants and common immigration trends. Hebert, R. (2011). The Contribution of Immigrants to Canada’s Tech Sector†¦.and  Why Politicians Must Pay Attention! Retrieved from  www.articleslash.net: http://www.articleslash.net/Business/Careers-Employment/586066__The-Contribution-of-Immigrants-to-Canada-s-Tech-Sector-and- Why-Politicians-Must-Pay-Attention.html This sourc e describes the development and evolution of immigrant owned enterprises in Canada. Special focus is on technology sector and the influence they have. It gives an outline of the contributions immigrant businesses have made to the Canadian economy. It gives a political twist to the inquiry of the key investors in Canada as well as listing the technology moguls. Penney, R. (2010, July 8). Illegal Immigration: Symptoms vs Root Causes. Retrieved from www.blacksheepreport.com:  http://blacksheepreport.com/illegal-immigration-symptoms-vs-root-causes/ Sassen, S., Portes, A. (1993). Miami: A New Global City? Contemporary  Sociology , 471-477. This source outlines common concerns regarding illegal and undocumented immigrants in the united Sates. Highlights problems the immigrants face and advises on possible solutions. It is more of an advocacy website for the immigrants and gives a picture of public opinion on the issues the immigrants face. Tory, J., Deans, J. (2011, September 20). O ntario’s immigration debate isn’t  getting the respect it deserves. Retrieved from  www.civicaction.ca: http://www.civicaction.ca/ontarios-immigration-debate-isnt-getting-respect-it-deserves Describes the recent development of immigration in Canada, It adds a political perspective with special focus is on declining immigration in the country. It gives insight on the impact of immigration on the Canadian economy. References AnnaLee Saxenian. (2000). Silicon Valley’s New Immigrant Entrepreneurs. San Diego: The Center for Comparative Immigration Studies. Akbari, A. H. (1990). The Impact of Immigrants on Canada’s Treasury. Circa. Anderson, S. (2005). The Contribution of Legal Immigration to the Social Security  System. Arlington: National Foundation for American Policy. Batalova, J., Fix, M. (2008). College-Educated Immigrant Workers in the United States. Washington DC: Migration Policy Institute. Borjas, G. J. (1999). Heaven’s Door: Immigration Policy and the American Economy.  Princeton: Princeton University Press. Camarota, S. A., Vaughan, J. (2009, November ). Immigration and Crime: Assessing  a Conflicted Issue. Retrieved from www.cis.org: http://www.cis.org/ImmigrantCrime Center for Immigratiion Studies. (2005). Study: Immigration grows, reaching record  numbers. Washington DC: Center for Immigration Studies. Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. (2007). Current Population Survey.  Washington, DC : Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. (2007). Analysis of March 1996 and March 2006  Current Population Survey. Washington, DC: Center on Budget and Policy Prioritie. De Cà ³rdoba, G. F., Kehoe, T. (2009). The Current Financial Crisis:What Should We  Learn from the Great Depression of the Twentieth century? Minesota: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Dicker, S. J. (2003). Languages in America: A Pluralist View. Multilingual Matters , 216, 220–25. Dukakis, M., Mitchell, D. ( 2006), July 25). Raise Wages, Not Walls. The New York  Times. Esipova, N., Ray, J. (2009). 700 Million Worldwide Desire to Migrate Permanently.  Washington DC: Gallup. Fitzpatrick, M. (2008, March 04). Majority of recent immigrants to Canada have degree.  Nationa Post. Genworth Financial Inc. (2007). Study the homebuying experiences of Canadian  Immigrants. Alberta: Genworth Financial Inc. Grubel, H., Grady, P. (2011). Immigration and the Welfare State. Vancouver: Fraser Institute. Hebert, R. (2011). The Contribution of Immigrants to Canada’s Tech Sector†¦.and Why  Politicians Must Pay Attention! Retrieved from www.articleslash.net: http://www.articleslash.net/Business/Careers-Employment/586066__The-Contribution-of-Immigrants-to-Canada-s-Tech-Sector-and-Why-Politicians-Must-Pay-Attention.html Humphreys, A. (2010, September 9). A New Mafia: Crime families ruling Toronto, Italy.  National Post. Hunt, T. P. (2011). THE AMERICAN MAFIA †“ Crime Bosses. Retrieved from www.onewal.com: http://www.onewal.com/maf-bos.html Jay, B. (2007). Newcomers improve pay equality in Canada. The Gazette. Jay, B. (2007). Newcomers improve pay equality in Canada. The Gazette. Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University. (2009). The State of the  Nation’s Housing 2009 and â€Å"The State of the Nation’s Housing 2007. Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University. Kelley, A. M. (2008). The Economic Impact Of Immigration. Retrieved from www.ilw.com: http://www.ilw.com/articles/2008,0107-kelley.shtm#bio Lochhead, C. (2003, July). The Transition Penalty: Unemployment Among Recent  Immigrants to Canada. Retrieved from www.clbc.ca: http://www.clbc.ca/files/Reports/Fitting_In/Transition_Penalty_e-CLBC.pdf Mehta, C., Nik, T., Mora, I., Wade, J. (2002). Chicago’s Undocumented Immigrants:  An Analysis of Wages, Working Conditions, And Economic Contributions,.  Chicago: Center for Urban Economi c Development, University of Illinois. Moore, S. (1998). A Fiscal Portrait of the Newest Americans. Washington, DC: National Immigration Forum Cato Institute. Myers, D. (2007). Immigrants and Boomers: Forging a New Social Contract for the  Future of America. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. New American Dimensions. (2009). The African Consumer Segment. Los Angeles: New American Dimensions. O’Carroll, P. P. (2006, March 14). Administrative Challenges Facing the Social Security Administration. (C. o. Finance, Interviewer) Oregon Center for Public Policy. (2007). Undocumented Workers Are Taxpayers, Too.  Silverton: Oregon Center for Public Policy. Ortega, A. N., Fang, H., Perez, V. H., Rizzo, J. A., Pokras, O. c., Wallace, S. P., et al. (2007). Health Care Access, Use of Services, and Experiences Among Undocumented Mexicans and Other Latinos. Archives of Internal Medicine , 167. Passel, J. S., D’Vera, C. (2009). A Portrait of Unauthorized Immigrants in the Unitedà ‚  States. Pew Hispanic Center. Penney, R. (2010, July 8). Illegal Immigration: Symptoms vs Root Causes. Retrieved from www.blacksheepreport.com: http://blacksheepreport.com/illegal-immigration-symptoms-vs-root-causes/ Pew Hispanic Center. (2008). Trends in Unauthorized Immigration: Undocumented  Inflow NowTrails Legal Inflow. Washington DC: Pew Hispanic Center. Rapid Immigration. (2011, October 2). US immigration Information in Your Own  Language. Retrieved from www.rapidimmigration.com: http://www.rapidimmigration.com/1_eng_immigration_facts.html RBC Economics Research. (2011). Market Economic Updates. Royal Bank of Canada Website. Sassen, S., Portes, A. (1993). Miami: A New Global City? Contemporary Sociology , 471-477. Smith, J. P., Edmonston, B. (1997). The New Americans: Economic, Demographic,  and Fiscal Effects of Immigration. Washington DC: National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences Press. Statistics Canada. (2006). Census Profile of Federal Electoral Districts. Ottawa: Statistics Canada. Statistics canada. (2006). The Canadian Immigrant Labour Market in 2006: First Results  from Canada’s Labour Force Survey. Statistics canada. Strayhorn, C. K. (2006). Special Report: Undocumented Immigrants in Texas:  A Financial Analysis of the Impact to the State Budget and Economy.  Austin: Texas Comptroller. The White House. (2005). Economic Report of the President. Washington DC: The White House. Tory, J., Deans, J. (2011, September 20). Ontario’s immigration debate isn’t getting  the respect it deserves. Retrieved from www.civicaction.ca: http://www.civicaction.ca/ontarios-immigration-debate-isnt-getting-respect-it-deserves U.S. Census Bureau. (2003). Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic.  Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau. Wang, S., Lo, L. (2003). Chinese Immigrants in Canada:Their Changing Composition  and Economic Performance. Toronto: University of Toronto. Wasem, R. E. (2007). Noncit izen Eligibility for Federal Public Assistance: Policy  Overview and Trends. Washington: Congressional Research Service. White House Council of Economic Advisors. (2007). Immigration’s Economic Impact.  Washington DC: White House. This essay on Comparing U.S and Canada immigration was written and submitted by user Desmond Daugherty to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Why was there an economic crisis in Germany in 1923 Essay Example

Why was there an economic crisis in Germany in 1923 Essay Example Why was there an economic crisis in Germany in 1923 Paper Why was there an economic crisis in Germany in 1923 Paper There are several causes to the economic crisis in Germany in 1923. The Great War contributed greatly to this, but Germanys problems had begun even before the War had started. In 1914 the German Government decided to come off of the Gold Standard. This was a system in which every bank note had an equivalent sum of gold, kept in the vaults of the German Central Bank. You could go to the bank and would be able to swap your note for gold, although people would normally use the notes to buy things, like an IOU, as it was easier to do this than to use pieces of gold. When the First World War began in 1914, Germany needed more money to pay for food and weapons. The German Government found that the easiest way to obtain more money was to print more notes. This decreased the actual value of the money, as there was more money in circulation. During the War there were food shortages, this meant that there was too few goods to buy for the amount of money that there was in circulation. We can see that inflation occurred, because of the drastic fall in the value of money. In January 1921, there were 64 marks to the dollar, by November 1923; this amount had risen drastically to 4. trillion marks to the dollar! Inflation had been occurring since 1914, so was a long-term cause of the economic crisis. When Germany lost the Great War to the allies, they had to agree with the terms of the treaty of Versailles. One of the terms of this treaty was that Germany had to lose land to France, Belgium, Denmark, Poland and the League of Nations. When losing this land, the German Government lost the tax income from it. The tax income could have helped to pay the reparations of  £6,600 million, which was also a term of the Treaty of Versailles. Reasons for the economic crisis, involving the Treaty of Versailles were short-term causes because they happened quite suddenly, rather than over a long period of time. The land lost contained 14% of arable farmland. It produced food and work for the surrounding area. There was now even less food, making the problem of food shortages even worse. This land also contained 74% of Germanys iron ore, 68% of her zinc ore and 26% of her coal- most of the countrys wealth. Germany could not afford to pay her reparations. This was linked to the invasion of the Ruhr. The Treaty of Versailles also meant that Germany had to reduce its army to 100,000 men. As France no longer felt as strongly under threat by the German army and wanted their reparations paid up, they felt that they could invade the Ruhr. The Ruhr is the most industrialised part of Germany. Poincarre, the French leader, sent in five divisions of French soldiers to acquire the reparations they were owed. A division of Belgian soldiers joined them. They intended to take control of the German factories and mines in this area. All goods produced would be shipped off to France, until the reparations owed to the French were paid. This was a short-term cause to the economic crisis, as it only happened over a matter of days and weeks, unlike inflation, which was occurring for years. Germany could do nothing to stop this. This made Germany very ashamed, especially after losing the War and having to agree with the terms of the Treaty of Versailles as well. The Government ordered passive resistance. The French had no one to work for them as the Ruhr workers were ordered to go on strike. They were ordered to refuse to co-operate with the occupiers. The French then kicked 150,000 German workers out of the Ruhr. They fled as refugees. This produced yet another problem for the already suffering Government and people of Germany. How could they afford to feed, clothe and house the refugees? All their money was already being used to pay reparations, how could they afford this? These problems were solved, but by causing another problem. It seemed that the only way to overcome the problem of the refugees was to print more money. The money in circulation now was growing greatly and the cost of living was increasing. The economic crisis was a vicious circle, by solving one problem they were creating another. It seemed as though it was never going to end. Although there were many causes for the economic crisis, I believe that one made a bigger impact than the others. The Great War, the costs of which were astronomical, both during and after. The War increased the effect of inflation, as the Government printed more notes to try and cope with the problems the War was bringing, therefore decreasing the value and making problems worse. After the War, the Treaty of Versailles produced many difficulties. All of the problems caused by this linked with each other and then back to inflation. The German economic crisis was inevitable because the Government did not know that coming off of the Gold Standard would cause inflation- it was going to happen, they thought it would be better, not worse. They could not have prevented the Treaty of Versailles as they lost the War. They didnt purposely lose the War to cause themselves problems,the problems were inevitable. The economic crisis was waiting to happen, Germany could not have stopped it!

Energy Sources of the Future Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Energy Sources of the Future - Essay Example Three of these include solar power, wind power and biomass. Solar Power Solar power, or solar energy, is a viable alternative to fossil fuels. Solar power comes from the sun through the use of solar panels that contain solar or photovoltaic cells. In fact, one square meter of solar panel can generate as much as 100 watts of electricity (â€Å"Solar Power†). Once used only to power satellites, the solar panel is now used to generate power for houses and companies. Aside from the use of solar panels, solar power can also be used to heat water using glass panels on the roof. This powers up the home’s central heating system (â€Å"Solar Power†). Moreover, a third type of machine that utilizes solar power is a solar furnace. The huge array of mirrors in a solar furnace is used to concentrate all the sunlight into a small space in order to produce an extremely high temperature of heat. Solar furnaces may be used for scientific experiments. There are also solar-powered electric boats and solar towers. (â€Å"Solar Power†) On the subject of availability and renewability, solar power may be advantageous as it basically â€Å"needs no fuel† and is renewable as long as the sun shines (â€Å"Solar Power†). ... Even if only 2.5% of this radiation is converted into electricity, it would be enough for the total energy consumption of the whole nation in a year (Zweibel et al., University of Colorado). Another related development in the utilization of solar energy is the very recent invention of the nanocone-based solar cell. This particular type of solar cell, which boosts the light conversion efficiency of traditional solar cells by a whopping 80%, is in fact a result of the â€Å"minimization of defects and voids in semiconductors† (â€Å"New Solar Cell,† ScienceDaily). This property alone enhances electric and optical properties of the solar cell in order to convert sunlight to electric power more efficiently, thus increasing its availability while maximizing its utilization. Perhaps the only disadvantage of solar power is that, unless stored, it does not work at night and may be very expensive to build. (â€Å"Solar Power†) When it comes to environmental impact, solar power does not produce any pollution or waste (â€Å"Solar Power†). According to the Union of Concerned Scientists in the United States, primary environmental issues associated with solar power concerns only â€Å"how [solar power systems] are manufactured, installed, and ultimately disposed of† (â€Å"Environmental Impacts,† UCSUSA.org). Arsenic, silicon and cadmium are the major elements used in the manufacture of photovoltaic cells and are therefore hazardous to workers and anyone else who comes in contact with the solar panels. Safety regulations should therefore be strictly kept. Moreover, solar-thermal plants require cooling water, which may be costly or scarce in the southwest United States where the area is more